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Robert James "Bobby" Fischer (March 9, 1943 – January 17, 2008) was an American chess Grandmaster and the eleventh World Chess Champion. Many consider him the greatest chess player of all time.〔Brady 2011, p. 328.〕〔Müller 2009, p. 23.〕〔Wolff 2001, p. 273.〕 At age 13 Fischer won a "brilliancy" that became known as The Game of the Century.〔Di Felice 2010, p. 48.〕 Starting at age 14, Fischer played in eight United States Championships, winning each by at least a one-point margin. At age 15, Fischer became both the youngest grandmaster up to that time and the youngest candidate for the World Championship. At age 20, Fischer won the 1963–64 U.S. Championship with 11/11, the only perfect score in the history of the tournament. Fischer's ''My 60 Memorable Games'' (1969) remains a revered work in chess literature.〔Donaldson & Tangborn 1999, p. 170.〕 In 1970 and 1971, Fischer "dominated his contemporaries to an extent never seen before or since". During that period he won the 1970 Interzonal Tournament by a record 3½-point margin and won 20 consecutive games, including two unprecedented 6–0 sweeps in the Candidates Matches.〔Edmonds & Eidinow 2004, pp. 311–12.〕 In July 1971, he became the first official World Chess Federation (FIDE) number-one-ranked player, spending 54 total months at number one. In 1972, he captured the World Chess Championship from Boris Spassky of the USSR in a match held in Reykjavík, Iceland, publicized as a Cold War confrontation which attracted more worldwide interest than any chess championship before or since.〔"The 1972 championship will become immortalized in film, on the stage, in song. It will remain incontrovertibly the most notorious chess duel in history. There will never be another like it... A lone American star was challenging the long Soviet grip on the world title. His success would dispose of the Soviet's claim that their chess hegemony reflected the superiority of their political system..." Edmonds & Eidinow 2004, pp. 2–3.〕 In 1975, Fischer refused to defend his title when an agreement could not be reached with FIDE over one of the match conditions. Afterward, Fischer became a recluse, disappearing from the public eye until 1992, when he won an unofficial rematch against Spassky. It was held in Yugoslavia, which was under a United Nations embargo at the time. His participation led to a conflict with the U.S. government, which sought income tax on Fischer's match winnings, and ultimately issued a warrant for his arrest.〔"() worry was that the U.S. government might finally have caught up with him. He'd violated State Department economic sanctions against Yugoslavia by playing a $5 million chess match against Boris Spassky in Sveti Stefan, Montenegro, in 1992, and an arrest warrant had been issued at that time. If he went back to the United States, he'd have to stand trial, and the penalty, if he was convicted, would be anywhere from ten years in prison to $250,000 in fines, or both, plus possible forfeiture of his $3.5 million winnings". Brady 2011, p. 2.〕 In the 1990s, Fischer patented a modified chess timing system that added a time increment after each move, now a standard practice in top tournament and match play. He also created a new variant of chess called Fischer Random Chess or Chess960.〔"At the beginning of the 21st century, grandmasters have been slowly but surely expressing interest in Fischerandom Chess". Gligorić 2002, p. 132.〕 During the 1990s and early 2000s, Fischer lived in Hungary, Germany, the Philippines, Japan, and Iceland, and made increasingly anti-American and anti-semitic remarks on various radio stations. Possibly as a result, his U.S. passport was revoked.〔"Bobby was astute enough to know that by making more and more broadcasts (the United States and Jews worldwide ), he was increasing his chances of eventual arrest. When nothing happened, however, he felt invulnerable and continued to travel without hiding..." Brady 2011, p. 280.〕〔It's possible that Fischer's broadcasts were the fuel that sparked the U.S. government to activate the decade-old charge against him". Brady 2011, pp. 282–83.〕〔Miyoko, for her part, thought that U.S. authorities could have arrested Bobby anytime post-1992, but they didn't and only went after him when 'suddenly he started to attack America and it made the government very angry. AP wire story (Tokyo), July 18, 2004. Quoted in Brady 2011, p. 283.〕 Unaware of the revocation, Fischer traveled to Japan, where he was arrested by Japanese authorities〔"Not knowing that his arrest was imminent, and believing that his passport was legal, on July 13, 2004, () went to Narita Airport in Tokyo to board a plane bound for Manila. He was arrested and shackled in chains". Brady 2011, p. 282.〕 and detained for more than eight months〔"...on July 13, 2004... () was arrested..." "...on March 23, 2005, () was released from his cell". Brady 2011, pp. 282, 293.〕 under threat of deportation. In March 2005, Iceland granted Fischer full citizenship, leading Japanese authorities to release him from prison.〔"() was picked up by limousine supplied by the Icelandic embassy, given his new Icelandic passport, and he and Miyoko, hand in hand, sped to Narita Airport". AP wire story, March 23, 2005. Quoted in Brady 2011, p. 293.〕 Fischer flew to Iceland, where he lived until his death on January 17, 2008. ==Early years== Bobby Fischer was born at Michael Reese Hospital in Chicago, Illinois on March 9, 1943.〔Brady 1973, p. 2.〕 His birth certificate listed his father as Hans-Gerhardt Fischer, also known as Gerardo Liebscher, a German biophysicist. His mother, Regina Wender Fischer, was a U.S. citizen; Regina was born in Switzerland, to Jewish parents from Poland and Russia.〔"...she appears to have been religiously unobservant". Edmonds & Eidinow 2004, p. 27.〕 Raised in St. Louis, Missouri,〔 Regina became a teacher, registered nurse, and later a physician.〔.〕 After graduating from college in her teens, Regina traveled to Germany to visit her brother. It was there she met geneticist, and future Nobel Prize winner, Hermann Joseph Muller, who persuaded Regina to move to Moscow to study medicine. She enrolled at I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, where she met Hans-Gerhardt, whom she married in November 1933.〔Brady 2011, pp. 7–8.〕 In 1938, Hans and Regina had a daughter, Joan Fischer. The reemergence of anti-Semitism under Joseph Stalin prompted Regina to go with Joan to Paris, France, where Regina became an English teacher. The threat of a German invasion led her and Joan to go to the United States in 1939. Hans-Gerhardt attempted to follow the pair but his German citizenship barred him from entering the United States.〔 Regina and Hans-Gerhardt had separated in Moscow although they did not officially divorce until 1945.〔 Regina became pregnant in June 1942 and gave birth to a son on March 9, 1943, at the Michael Reese Hospital in Chicago.〔Brady 2011, p. 8.〕 At the time, Regina was "homeless"〔 and shuttled to different jobs and schools around the country to support her family. She engaged in political activism, and raised both Bobby and Joan as a single parent.〔"The family lived in (Idaho, Oregon, Illinois, and Arizona ) before moving to New York. Regina's flexibility and desperation led her to a surprising gamut of jobs. She was a welder, schoolteacher, riveter, farm worker, toxicologist's assistant, stenographer, all throughout the early and mid-1940s". Brady 2011, p. 9.〕〔Edmonds & Eidinow 2004, p. 5.〕 In 1949, the family moved to Brooklyn, New York,〔"In early 1949 Regina Fischer took the least expensive housing she could find when she moved the family—Bobby, Joan, and herself—to East 13th Street in Manhattan, facing the kitchen back entrance of the famed Luchow's restaurant, where many of the best chess players would occasionally dine. The Fischers could never afford to eat there. The apartment's entrance was marred by a rusty fire escape running up the front, and there was only one small bedroom—but the rent was $45 a month". FBI report, August 24. 1953 (SAC, New York, 100-102290). Quoted in Brady 2011, p. 10.〕 where she studied for her master's degree in nursing and subsequently began working in that field.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Bobby Fischer」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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